23/3/2026

Dog walking awareness in the uplands

By Adriana Dermetzis & Holly Appleby, Uplands Research

Chick in nestWith the upcoming long-awaited good weather, dog walkers and their canine companions will soon be enjoying the scenic walks and health benefits the outdoors have to offer. At the same time, many of our ground-nesting birds will be incubating while later arrivals will be starting to build their nests.

There are many ground-nesting birds across the UK. Those found in the uplands often use bare scrapes, heather or rush pasture to nest in, leaving them at high risk of being disturbed by people and animals, such as dogs and livestock. Such species include curlew, skylark, lapwing, meadow pipit, oystercatcher, woodcock, snipe, black grouse and red grouse.

For all wild bird species, their eggs and nests are protected by law. You cannot intentionally:

  • Kill or injure a wild bird
  • Take, damage or destroy a wild bird’s nest whilst it is being used or built
  • Take or destroy a wild bird’s eggs

Some birds, known as ‘schedule 1 birds’ (e.g. barn owls, dotterel, merlin) have extra legal protection. For these bird species it’s also an offence to disturb them while they’re nesting, building a nest, in or near a nest that contains their young, or to disturb their dependent young.

What is the CROW Act and how does it relate to dog walkers?

Open Access LandIn England, the Countryside and Rights of Way (CROW) Act became law in 2000, providing a statutory right of access to mountain, moorland, heath, down and common. This land, which includes most of English uplands, is referred to as ‘open access land’.

Between 1 March and 31 July each year, open access land has a short lead rule. This means that dogs must be always kept under effective control and on a short lead of no more than 2 metres. This rule applies near livestock on open access land at all times of the year. In some circumstances, people with dogs can be excluded completely from small lambing fields and grouse moors. Specified people can apply for a licence from Natural England to disturb birds in certain circumstances such as for science, education or research, or to conserve plants and animals (including other wild birds).

Dogs on moorThe reason why these restrictions are in place is because dogs can so easily disturb or interfere with birds, specifically ground-nesting birds, during the breeding and nesting season. Ground-nesting birds perceive dogs as predators, causing heightened vigilance, and when flushed, these birds can expend a large amount of energy which they could otherwise spend doing their natural activities such as nest building, incubating eggs, rearing chicks or feeding. In some cases, nests can be damaged, eggs can be eaten, and chicks can be abandoned.

Previous studies have shown how damaging human recreational disturbance can be for breeding birds in a range of habitats. Research conducted by the GWCT on open access land in the North Pennines found that black grouse that were exposed to higher disturbance rates increased their flushing distances by 60%. Seemingly, regular or increased disturbance could impact negatively on survival rates, if alternative areas were of poorer quality or were limited in extent. Another study found that dog walking in woodlands led to a 35% reduction in bird diversity and a 41% reduction in abundance. More recently, researchers at the Royal Holloway University of London found that 85% of dog walkers, in four lowland heathlands in the UK, always walked their dogs off the lead. This significantly reduced the undisturbed potential breeding habitat available for birds in the lowland heath habitats studied.

In addition to the effects of dog walking on our breeding birds, dogs are also known to worry livestock. The Dogs (Protection of Livestock) (Amendment) Act 2025 came into effect on Wednesday 18 March 2026. This legislation allows courts to impose unlimited fines on owners whose dogs worry livestock, when previously this fine was capped at £1,000. This change to the law is about making sure people can continue to enjoy the countryside whilst keeping livestock safe, protecting animal welfare and supporting the work farmers do every day.

What can you do about it? Follow the Countryside Code

Nest1. Always keep dogs on a lead and make sure not to cause damage or disturbance by venturing off footpaths

It is up to owners to keep all dogs, no matter their breed or temperament, under control to prevent disturbance to wildlife and livestock. On open access land between 1 March and 31 July, the short lead rule (no more than 2 metres) should be followed, and outside of this period, dogs should be kept under control. Near livestock, the short lead rule should again be followed to avoid worrying livestock and possibly receive an uncapped fine.

2. Bin dog poo

Leaving dog poo for nature to ‘take care of’ can have a harmful impact on the nutrient balances of the habitat. Make sure to clean up after your pet and leave no trace of your walk.

3. Educate others about the impacts of dogs

Some people may not be aware of the existing legislation or the risks to breeding birds, so whenever possible inform people of the risks. If you see someone walking their dog off a lead or walking off designated paths, kindly inform them of the risk and ask them to put their dog on a lead and/or walk on the footpath. It may be awkward, but it is crucial for protecting breeding birds and increasing the chances of survival.

4. Take your litter home – leave no trace of your visit

Littering has severe negative impacts on the environment, wildlife and even human health through soil and water contamination, as well as the risk of wildlife swallowing indigestible rubbish. Do not contribute and bin your rubbish.

References and useful links

Comments

Dog Walkers

at 13:13 on 24/03/2026 by Nicholas Watts

Dog Walkers Early June 2018 I went to have a week in North Uist and not un-naturally I went to the RSPB reserve at Balranald. The approach road to the reserve is tarmac, fenced both sides and there are a lot of waders along it, Lapwings, Oystercatchers, Redshank and Snipe. At the visitor centre you may well hear a Corncrake and a Corn Bunting, on leaving the visitor centre there are more Lapwings and Oyster catchers. The road goes over a slight hill and bends to the left to more open fields where you might expect to see even more waders but there were none for about half a mile, then a Corn Bunting can be heard and waders come more apparent. There were plenty of Dunlin and Sanderling on the shore sifting through the seaweed with Herring Gulls, Common Gulls, a few Black Headed Gulls and an Iceland Gull. Through the kissing gate and there are plenty of birds, Gulls Terns and Waders, just the sort of density I had come to North Uist to see. I went along the track past the visitor centre 3 times. On the third time, about 6pm, I was overtaken by a car, I walked over the hill and there was a black Labrador dog on the track which surprised me, a few moments later I heard a whistle, it was the man in the black Dacia Duster whistling his dog, the car went on and after 4 or 500 yards turned right up a track over the hill. Every evening this man took the same route to exercise his dog, no wonder there were no birds. One day I went to Berneray as I had been very impressed by all the waders on the machair there on a previous visit. I drove out of the village down on the flat, over the cattle grid along the tarmac road out towards the cemetery but was surprised how few birds there were. After a mile and before the cemetery there is a little used track across the machair which I drove on, here the machair was heaving with birds, Lapwings, Oystercatchers, Dunlin, Ringed Plover, Redshank and Arctic Terns. I put the difference down to just too many people. After my tour of the machair I went for a late lunch. The machair was so good that after lunch I went back to it. I stopped near the cattle grid to take some photos and while I was doing that a car came and parked up, 2 collie dogs and a lady got out and the lady started to walk along the tarmac road, one dog lept across the cattle grid, the other followed the lady through the kissing gate and then both dogs were off at high speed across the machair. I thought for a few moments and then went after the lady and explained to her that this was probably the best place in the UK for ground nesting birds, her dogs were disturbing these birds and maybe even killing a few chicks. At that she exploded, saying that her dogs were not hunting dogs and they are certainly not killing any birds finishing up by saying if I was just a visitor I hope you never come here again. Most of us know that dogs not on a lead are bad for wildlife especially in the spring and summer but we seldom see what they do. Densities of ground nesting birds are usually pretty low anyway and so you don’t know whether it is dogs or just a lack of wildlife but here on the machair there was such a stark difference between where the dogs were roaming and where they didn’t get to was a real eye opener to me. I have talked to dog owners before about this and they have all been adamant that their dogs are not hunting dogs even when they are springer spaniels and usually been quite cross with me suggesting that their dogs might do harm to wild life. Scottish Natural Heritage are paying the farmers on the machair about £300 an acre to enhance our diminishing wildlife and these people walking dogs without leads are destroying all the ground nesting birds. We must all work together in educating these people and keeping all dogs off our wildlife reserves. Willow Tree Fen nature reserve in South Lincolnshire had become quite a dog walkers paradise, the warden had a real problem with them but a pair of Cranes arrived to breed and so the reserve was shut. After a year the warden said the increase in wildlife after a year without people and dogs is amazing. Nicholas Watts

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